Deaf, thanks for the book recommendation. It's on my list. Right now I'm reading Tongue Fu. Also good stuff.
As for my workshop, it was geared to a mental health perspective. I chair the board of a support group, and every so often someone will come in manic, belligerent, or even suicidal. It's rare that we need to intervene, but we've had enough of these moments over the years that I felt it was time for us to get educated.
The main thrust of de-escalation from that perspective is constructive listening. People get upset because they feel they're being dismissed (when it comes to mental health issues that's often true.) So we came up with our own criteria for when we feel de-escalation is called for.
At that point we coax the person out into the hall (away from the group, of course) and simply listen. No judgment, no rationalizing. If they're delusional, no arguing with their perceptions. That just puts them on the defensive, and it's rude anyway. Silence is a useful tool because it allows the person to feel they can complete their thoughts without being cut off.
If things hit the fan regardless of our best efforts, I printed off a list of pre-violence indicators (thanks, Bill and Brian!) Protect yourself, I said, get outta Dodge, but obviously don't hit back. And then we went over some of the calming signals and body language. And when reasonable, allow the person to save face.
Finally, self-care. Positive self-talk, breathe, and know your own limitations. I made it clear that if a de-escalator isn't up to it on a given night, it's far better to sit that one out. That's why we're creating a team of 8, and counting. And de-briefing afterwards, preferably within a few minutes of the incident while everything is still fresh.
The cool thing about the meeting (aside from the fact that I was there! :ultracool) is that we went off on some very creative tangents. We now have the policy that we'll carry cell phones at the meetings, we'll always have two people managing every incident, and we defined a clear goal for our de-escalation efforts. Our primary goal is the overall safety of the group at large, with the safety of the person in crisis running a very close second. This is likely to evolve over time as we get more experience with this.
So far in the group's 10-year history we've only had to call 911 once, when someone had a seizure. We've had a few other dicey moments and we've handled most of them very well. The other night made us all much more confident looking ahead. We really do have a fantastic bunch of people, most of whom I'm very proud to call my friends. It's a point of pride for me to keep this meeting a place of safety, healing, and empowerment for all of us.