Humans today have many epistemic virtues. We are clever animals who
have discovered a vast division of labor, enabling our unprecedented and
rapidly increasing power and understanding of science, industry, and more.
But we also have many epistemic vices, such as using our knowledge to
enable cruelty.
In particular, we often choose beliefs that are not the closest feasible
approximation to the truth. By this I do not mean that we fail to spend
all possible resources on obtaining or analyzing information. Instead, I
mean that our beliefs are biased because we have motivations other than
that of approximating truth while conserving resources (Mele, 2001). For
example, because we like to think well of ourselves and our groups, we
tend to overestimate our abilities and morality, exaggerate our influence,
and take credit for our successes while blaming external factors for our
failures (Giannetti, 1997).