Hi Bill,
While much of this is popular understanding, unfortunately, it's simply not historically or factually accurate in many regards. I appreciate the intent and perspective, however I'm always going to prefer a more nuanced (and accurate) telling. To cover what I mean...
Here is where we get the first disagreement. Simply put, and leaving off the entire "no martial art is realistically a method of self defence, or self defence system in its design", then there is no separation. There just isn't. The perceived "separation" is an artificial one imposed by (dominantly) Westerners who always want to compartmentalise and segment aspects of a subject. This is reflected in the medicine, religious teachings and approaches, scholastic, cultural, and political ideologies (although the political one is getting more and more Westernised due to a global perspective as we go on) in comparing the East to the West (most in particular, Japan, but it covers most Asiatic cultures, really).
The terms you're about to introduce (jutsu and do) aren't, in a Japanese sense, differentiated in the main. In terms of martial arts, they're almost used interchangeably, in fact. Teachers of "jutsu" arts also refer to what they do as "budo", without any separation or distinction between them. The idea of the categorisation you're about to discuss came from Donn Draeger, who was trying to get across the differences (as he saw them) between oder, classical arts (who tend to prefer the use of the "jutsu" term), and more modern, largely 20th Century arts (who have a higher usage of the suffix "do"). Having a rather German upbringing, he aimed to give concrete, absolute definitions to the terms in order to give some starting point for his readers... unfortunately, Japanese works almost exactly the opposite, where things aren't absolutely defined, but instead depend entirely on the context of their usage. The most accurate way to describe the difference between the terms, though, is in historical preference, and that's about it.
Hmm, that's a no there... Taken as a term,"jutsu" (č”) doesn't mean "skill". That would be "Ren" (ē·“), often combined with other terms, making Tanren, Renshu, Shuren, Jukuren (all referring to various forms of refining, maturing [skills], honing, forging, etc). Leaving that as it may, though, what jutsu actually refers to is (typically technical) methods and manners. In others words, it's not technical skills, it's technical methodologies. But, again, it's contextual... the methods and manners of a particular art can be non-technical as well; zanshin, an awareness maintained after a technique (in basic terms) is a methodology that is more mental than physical, but can still just as easily be classed as a "jutsu" method... how to tie an obi is a jutsu... as is how to fold a gi or hakama... none of these are "skill(s) needed to defend oneself", as that concept simply isn't a part of the idea of "jutsu".
And, historically and realistically put, karate-jutsu was never a thing. At all. Ever. There was no system that used that name (historically), and none that thought in these parameters. There was a book by Funakoshi when introducing karate to Japan that used the term "jutsu" in its title, åęč” (rendered in various translations as "Karate-jutsu", or, more commonly in earlier translations, "To-Te Jitsu [sic]", although its full name was "Rentan Goshin Todejutsu", or "Practical Skills For Self Protection of Chinese-hand"), written in 1922 as a way of providing insight into the new art from the Ryukyu Kingdom. It gives some basic history, fundamentals (fists, kamae, and some basic throws and grappling, interestingly), then step-by-step photos of a few kata.
This is the only case I can find of the term "Karate (To-te) Jutsu" being used historically, and it was used only to give a point of familiarity to the Japanese audience, who were used to martial arts containing the term "jutsu". The newly formed (1906) Dai Butokukai was acting as a central point for all Japanese martial arts, and was in the process of standardising them, starting with kenjutsu... which was, essentially, what we would call kendo today... except the name hadn't quite taken off at that point. It was gaining popularity with Kano's Judo, but most other systems were still using the "jutsu" suffix. In Okinawa, there was no suffix at all.
Beyond this, all other references to, usages, or application of the term "karate-jutsu" are purely Western. They are almost exclusively modern, (typically) American takes on karate, where they are aiming to differentiate what they do from what they perceive as "watered down" (not blood-thirsty enough), and too focused on not being Kobra-Kai, I guess...
In other words, put roughly, karate-jutsu is a fantasy of Westerners, it is rarely in any way different from any other form of karate (except in the typical higher emphasis on sparring, and removal of kata and "filler" that is not understood), is not about "fighting" (as that's rarely understood in the first place), and is only superficially about the skills for doing so (without taking into account cultural, social, and other influences on how violence actually occurs). It's an attempt to be both credible (a "real" martial art) and fantasy all at once, with little respect or regard for either.
And that, simply, is incorrect. As mentioned, "jutsu" means technical methods and manners, so there are any number of things that have nothing to do (directly) with physical conflict and survival that are, indeed, completely "jutsu". Do you sit in seiza? That's a "jutsu" (technical method). Is that about survival on the mythical "street"? How about how you fold your uniform? That's just as much "jutsu", as it's a technical method or approach... not much physical conflict in folding in the arms of a gi top (uwagi)...
I would also take a bit of issue with the whole "nothing in jutsu"... there is nothing "in" jutsu... there are jutsu in everything. Jutsu is not a philosophical or ideological construct, it's simply the technical methods employed, if we're going to be literal. There is no such thing, in this sense, as a "jutsu" art or a "do" art, and, therefore, there is nothing "in" jutsu that is not "in" do, and vice versa.
"Do" is more often heard because it's the more modern term. That's all. Gendai Budo (Modern martial arts), systems that are under the leadership of the Nippon Budokan (the spiritual successor to the Dai Butokukai of the early 20th Century), and dominantly post-WWII structured (although a few pre-WWII arts are included, the current forms are highly influenced by the post-war mentality) arts, dominantly use the term "do". Part of it is changes in the preferred terminology (that began with Judo in the late 1800's, continued with Karate and Aikido in the 1930's, and went on to include Kendo, Jukendo, Jodo, and Iaido through the 50's), part of it is a re-branding of martial arts coming first out of the samurai era, then, more influentially, coming out of the horrors of World War II, in order to maintain social acceptance, and so on.
You're right, of course, that many things use the "do" suffix... Chado, the Way of Tea, Shodo, the Way of Calligraphy being a couple... the first usage of the term Judo, by the way, was in the Jikishinkage Ryu, some 150 years before Kano came up with the term... Musashi wrote about Ken no Michi (the Path/Way of the Sword) in the 1600's, with the characters being the same as Kendo (Do is also pronounced "michi"), but it should be noted that the usage of the suffix is (and was) far from universal (many Tea arts prefer the term Cha no Yu, meaning the rituals or ceremonies of Tea), nor, even when present, was necessarily applied... calligraphy practitioners may only say they study Sho (calligraphy itself), rather than Shodo... the actual practice didn't change at all. It's the same in martial arts... sword practitioners may only state that they study Ken (sword) or Iai (drawing the sword), rather than any kind of separation between Kendo and Kenjutsu (unless being specific in certain schools/systems), or Iaido/Iaijutsu. Same with staff students, Jodo and Jojutsu is rarely anything more than saying which group you belong to.
Well... yes. When one hears "karate", one thinks "karate". The "do" suffix isn't actually a factor, honestly.
And, one may ask, Bill, what you think "do" originally meant? And what you mean by "originally"?
The origin of the term (in this usage) is an importation from China, where the term was pronounced "Tao" (the native kun'yomi reading in Japan is michi, as mentioned before, and is used commonly to mean a road or path, as in 7th Street - nana no michi äøé). It was imported along with a few religious and philosophical concepts, such as Taoism (the study of the natural way of the universe), and Buddhism, where the term was introduced to Japan in the form of the buildings used to study this religious teaching of Buddhism... dojo (place for the way).
So, when you talk about what "do" originally meant, the concept has been inexorably linked to martial study since the inception of formalised study in defined locations.
When it comes to karate, of course, we're incredibly lucky to know exactly what was thought when the decision was made to commonly adopt the term "karate-do" to describe what they were all teaching. The decision was made on October 25, 1936 (the reason that October 25th is sometimes referred to as World Karate Day), with a gathering of many top instructors of karate who were residing in Okinawa at the time. The main thing they were debating, however, wasn't the idea of "do" or not "do", it was the writing of the main karate as either "Chinese Hand" åę (as in Funakoshi's early book... when it was re-worked to the later Karate-do Kyohan, he more importantly changed the karate kanji) or the alternate "Empty Hand" 空ę. The concept of "do" or not was briefly discussed, in relation to how others were using it (emphasising cultivation of the mind), but had little bearing on the rest of the meeting. Interestingly, this meeting also provides some insight into the development of what I would call "modern" karate... the germination of the idea of sporting approaches, standardised uniforms, terminology, the creation of new kata to suit various school-aged children, and more. The transcript can be found in a number of places online, such as this one:
The meeting that changed Karate history foreverâââOkinawa 1936
I would stress, however, that the usage of the term "do" and its application regarding "cultivation of the mind" was not a comment on the historical emphasis of karate, nor any comment on the usage (or not) of karate-jutsu (it didn't exist, really), but a comment on the attribution of the term due to the work of the Dai Nippon Butokukai, who were working diligently to separate the study of martial arts from the idea of the oppressive samurai regime that had ended a few decades prior to its formation. The simple fact of the matter is that the "cultivation of the mind" was just as much a major emphasis and aspect of the older (jutsu) arts as the modern ones.
So, a few things. First, training for sport is a modern thing. This is more true of karate than it is of other systems, such as Judo, but it's very much a modern thing. Second, training for combat, for children? Don't know anyone that would say that... "Is your child meek? Want them to be feared on the playground? We'll teach them how to shank the school principal with an improvised weapon made from a ruler!" Assuming you meant the ubiquitous "self defence" myth, even there, it's unrealistic and inaccurate to describe the training, and the methods trained, to be considered to be optimised for, or really designed for, self defence in any way... in other words, the less-tangible aspects (confidence, bodily control, sensitivity, mental focus, awareness, disciplined behaviours etc) are the real emphasis of, frankly, any martial art worth its salt.
But, and here's the real thing... the aspects that define a "do" art (in this case meaning the modern arts who overwhelmingly use the do suffix) as apart from a "jutsu" art (meaning the older, historical arts that do not use the "do" suffix in the main, whether jutsu is actually used or not) are more found in things like sporting applications, and (typically) a more constrained in their scope, as well as a different stress in mentality and the sense of risk/stakes.
Many, if not most, historical systems were as much about developing specific personality and psychological traits as they were about any kind of combative technique. When we deal with Japanese arts, they were dominated by the samurai (until the Edo period, where the increasingly wealthy commoner population, especially merchants, could afford to study as well), and would act as overall educational systems, teaching all the leadership, problem solving, social, and cultural lessons that the young warrior would need to rely on in their roles. In Okinawa, the majority of karate practitioners were the Okinawan royals and nobility... they weren't soldiers, they weren't oppressed peasants, it was an area of education for refined and cultured upper levels of society... the emphasis on the mental development was always a part of it, jutsu or do.
"Do" means path, street, or way. It's a manner of getting from one place to another. It's, more than anything, "how" you do something.
"Jutsu" means technical methods, or way. It's a manner of doing something, how you achieve a result. It's, more than anything, "how" you do something.
There, simply, isn't a real difference when it all comes down to it.
Can you decide to attribute your own emphasis to the idea of "do"? Sure. But that doesn't mean that the actual meaning has changed. Again, Japanese terminology is more contextual than clinical that way. So, really, when you say "that's not the entire meaning of 'do'", what you mean is "that's not the entire meaning of 'do' according to how I apply the term".
Wow, I must remember to tell Sugino Yukihiro-sensei the next time I see him that he wasn't meant to spend his lifetime continuously training, refining his art and himself, in an ongoing process of repetition and development all the way into his 80's now, as Tenshinsho Den Katori Shinto Ryu is only a "jutsu" art, and therefore not something he should have gotten anything out of other than a technical understanding... got it.
Look, if we're going to split things down, then the "jutsu" aspect would be the technical methods, and the "do" aspect would be the manner in which you train the technical methods. Even that is a subdivision within an art, and not a distinction between a "jutsu" tradition and a "do" art, though. You don't learn "jutsu" and learn "do". You learn the techniques (jutsu), and practice them as a directed (mental) practice (do). You don't "learn do", nor do you "have jutsu"... it simply doesn't make any sense.
Then, to be frank, Bill, you don't know what you're talking about. There is no Venn diagram for them. It's like a Venn diagram of driving a car and a street map... while there's a relationship, there really isn't a cross-over. I can drive a car without looking at a map, and I can look at a map without being in a car, or I can use the map to direct how I drive the car, but that's about as close as it gets.
I would also completely disagree with your comments on what jutsu does, or can encompass. I have absolutely got a range of jutsu (technical methods) to look after all of that... reishiki/reigi/reiho, the bowing/etiquette methods, are jutsu... evasive and de-escalating methods, avoidance methods are jutsu... development of character is done through jutsu... again, you don't have any clue what you're talking about.
No, they can't. That's the point. The technical methods, diligently studied, can constitute a do training mentality and approach... whether the term is used or not. You cannot train diligently in a "do" (Way) manner without concentrating on the methods of the training. It simply doesn't work that way.
Huh?
For one thing, if all you do is the physical techniques for violence (whether in a competitive format or not), that's not a valid way to study martial arts, and you're not a martial artist... you're training to be little more than a thug. This has been the same since the inception of martial study. Martial arts, by their very nature, require the other aspects to be part of it... that's why the Kobra-Kai dojo in the original Karate Kid movies struck such a nerve as a bad school... all they did was focus on the physical techniques for the competition they were in (legal techniques or not being a moot point, really), devoid of any further personal development, and were a school of thugs, not martial artists. This was recognised by martial artists and non-martial artists alike who saw the film, whether they could articulate it or not.
Next, you say that people can choose to only focus on the techniques, but they can't then ignore the core techniques? What? Surely, if they're only focusing on the techniques, that's exactly what they would be focusing on, yeah? Do you mean the core principles and concepts? Because, and this is again where the fact that they can't be separated comes in, the core concepts and principles of an art are in the techniques. That's how the techniques are developed, how they're informed, where they come from. It's what makes one art choose to apply a certain technical approach over another... and makes judo different to aikido, different to karate, different to Shorinji Kempo... it makes Kendo and Iaido different...
Okay, that has a lot to parse there as well... sure, karate can't be empty, but that has nothing to do with jutsu or do... it's a matter of education within the teaching itself. Next, it cannot be "without practical applications"? Really? I'd say that it can't be without relevant meaning to the development of the art and the practitioner, but that doesn't always mean "practical applications", as that's simply not always the meaning or purpose of specific kata. The idea of them being "untested as valid tools to defend oneself", well, hate to break this to you, but you just described all kata... they are, in their forms, untested as valid tools to defend oneself, for many very valid and pertinent reasons. To think that these are the reasons for kata is to not understand kata at all, including what would or would not make them "empty".
One should, however, start there. And start there correctly. And, simply put, if all you did was study one kata for the rest of your life, you are (potentially, depending on the actual practice) pursuing a do training paradigm via the jutsu of the kata... so... this is not really meaning anything.
No.
In short, jutsu and do are not separate. Neither needs the other, they are both parts of the singular whole. Neither gets emphasis over the other, as it doesn't work that way. To think that there is a separation or specific emphasis is to be wrong.
I will add a short addendum, though. At various points in a students development, particular aspects of their practice will come to the fore... when first learning a new technical approach (a new kata, a new weapon, even the first few classes where it's all new, even down to how to stand or form a fist), then the energy will be focused on learning it... after that stage is passed, however, it moves more into refinement of the lesson, ensuring the fist is formed properly and efficiently each time, held at the correct level, the right muscles being employed and engaged, and so on. This focus to the minutiae of details allows for more introspection and awareness of your own body, your sense of control... as you begin to apply it with a partner, you learn control of power and balance, both yours and your partners... you become more aware of your openings and the opponents, all of which gives you greater situational awareness as well... the longer you continue this type of refinement, the more you gain the listed benefits of the "do" practice paradigm, continuing through the years. Then, you learn something else new, and it all starts again. Ideally, the newer information can then also help inform the previously learnt material, allowing you to revisit it, and improve even more. But, while the pendulum swings back and forth, it's not a matter of a student choosing to emphasise one or the other, it's a matter of the particular level they're at... it's not a scale, it's a tomoe (yin-yang symbol).