Christian Perspectives
The religious implications of the issue are profound. From beginning to end the Bible speaks of the death penalty and how it is to be used. God Himself used it to judge both individuals and nations, and He ordered judges, kings, and rulers to use it to maintain order and sovereignty. The Mosaic Law established death as the penalty for murder—not for killing, which is a different word in Hebrew, as it is in English (see Genesis 9:6). As in times of war, killing may be justified; but murder, on the other hand, is a crime to be punished by death.
Some have said that Jesus set aside the Old Testament law in the Sermon on the Mount by telling His followers to "turn the other cheek." But in His sermon, Jesus is telling them to leave matters of the law to the authorities; Christians are not to seek personal vengeance but to love one another—even their enemies.
Later, when He stopped the Jews from stoning the woman caught in adultery, as Kerby Anderson of Probe Ministries points out, Jesus is not making a statement about the law or the sentence of death. Rather, the point of the story is to show that Jesus recognized that the Pharisees were trying to trap Him between the Roman law and the Mosaic law. His brilliant response to the entrapment is not to deny the authority of judge and jury, but to say that no individual or group may take it upon themselves to kill another person at will.
Paul offered much the same counsel in saying,
For rulers are not a terror to good works, but to evil. Do you want to be unafraid of the authority? Do what is good, and you will have praise from the same. For [the legal authority] is God’s minister to you for good. But if you do evil, be afraid; for [legal authority] does not bear the sword in vain; for he is God’s minister, an avenger to execute wrath on him who practices evil (Romans 13:3–4).
Paul recognizes the stateÂ’s authority to exact the death sentence, and in his appeal to the Roman Procurator, Festus, he said,
If I am an offender, or have committed anything deserving of death, I do not object to dying; but if there is nothing in these things of which these men accuse me, no one can deliver me to them (Acts 25:11).