Digger70chall
Yellow Belt
excellent article thanks for posting it
nothing like reading something directly from the source.
nothing like reading something directly from the source.
Who is the Founder of TKD...Debate!
- Thread starter Spookey
- Start date
Michagan TKD the thread states who is the founder of TKD not who fouded Modern TKD. The read was informative and very well written I concur with this article, but what about TKD post modern. Thanks and I'll wait for a reply have a great Sunday.terryl965 said:
terryl965 said:
The only problem with trying to link TKD to a martial discipline that died out 3000 years ago is that... It died out 3000 years ago.
It bears no direct or even, indirect relationship with the art that followed. It's just a cooked up link to make a modern MA appear to be steeped in thousands of years of tradition. (And honestly, who cares? Doesn't make the art you practice better or worse.)
MichiganTKD
Master Black Belt
Keep in mind, the history of modern Tae Kwon Do dates back about 60 years. There existed Korean martial arts 1500 years ago, but it wasn't called Tae Kwon Do and how much it resembles Tae Kwon Do as we know it today is open to debate.
Therefore, when you ask "Who founded Tae Kwon Do?", you are referring to the system of Korean punching-kicking-blocking that developed post-WWII. Specifically, the art that was officially named "Tae Kwon Do" in April of 1955.
Therefore, when you ask "Who founded Tae Kwon Do?", you are referring to the system of Korean punching-kicking-blocking that developed post-WWII. Specifically, the art that was officially named "Tae Kwon Do" in April of 1955.
Very well put, but what about those that omly believe in the sport aspect of TKD who founded that and why make so much out of it.MichiganTKD said:
MichiganTKD
Master Black Belt
Terry,
The sport aspect of Tae Kwon Do developed in the early 60's at the formation of the KTA. One of the reasons behind it was to give Tae Kwon Do its own identity. I don't know exactly WHO invented it, but I understand GM Woon Kyu Uhm was a guiding force. One of the most important aspects of the new sport aspect of TKD was the concept of continuous free fighting-the same fighting used in Olympic TKD. The other was the development of Hogu-which allowed for full contact.
The sport aspect of Tae Kwon Do developed in the early 60's at the formation of the KTA. One of the reasons behind it was to give Tae Kwon Do its own identity. I don't know exactly WHO invented it, but I understand GM Woon Kyu Uhm was a guiding force. One of the most important aspects of the new sport aspect of TKD was the concept of continuous free fighting-the same fighting used in Olympic TKD. The other was the development of Hogu-which allowed for full contact.
Michagan Thanks for the reply, but why do you believe the sport has over taken the Art. Is the sport really that much better. free sparring has been around for years back in the old PKA late seventies and early eighties continously sparring was around in Karate base Arts. Why did it become a big deal when the hogu was invented, we used foam feet and hands just like the ISKA does know and without hogu's. Any comment would be appreciated, you know us old timers are just looking in with the Olympic, I do not consider this to be fighting it more like tag, I'm it no you are know.
MichiganTKD
Master Black Belt
Terry,
Keep in mind that hand and foot pads were developed by Jhoon Rhee after he had been teaching in America for a while. In other words, developed in America to fit the needs of American fighters.
Hogu was developed in Korea in the late 50's-early 60's by Koreans in response to the changing needs of Korean free fighters. it is my understanding that the hogu design based on kendo armor (but I could be wrong).
Why did the sport aspect get so important compared to the traditional aspect? Several reasons:
1. Tournament fighting provides tangible signs of victory and success (things Americans understand)-winning, medals, trophies. It is not "bogged down" in traditional martial arts philosophy. We understand it.
2. The Olympics. Not many people outside Korea know or care about the Korean National Free Fighting Championships. But everyone knows the Olympics. Once you introduce the element of Olympic competition, everyone and their brother wants to try to attain that level. Even if very few people will ever make it that far, it's fun to imagine you are good enough. Kind of like American Idol.
3. Tae Kwon Do free fighting is very dynamic. It's hard for many younger students to appreciate forms practice or repetition. I haven't met very many young students who don't think free fighting is fun. Since modern Tae Kwon Do tends to be geared toward younger students, that's the aspect they tend to be drawn to.
Keep in mind that hand and foot pads were developed by Jhoon Rhee after he had been teaching in America for a while. In other words, developed in America to fit the needs of American fighters.
Hogu was developed in Korea in the late 50's-early 60's by Koreans in response to the changing needs of Korean free fighters. it is my understanding that the hogu design based on kendo armor (but I could be wrong).
Why did the sport aspect get so important compared to the traditional aspect? Several reasons:
1. Tournament fighting provides tangible signs of victory and success (things Americans understand)-winning, medals, trophies. It is not "bogged down" in traditional martial arts philosophy. We understand it.
2. The Olympics. Not many people outside Korea know or care about the Korean National Free Fighting Championships. But everyone knows the Olympics. Once you introduce the element of Olympic competition, everyone and their brother wants to try to attain that level. Even if very few people will ever make it that far, it's fun to imagine you are good enough. Kind of like American Idol.
3. Tae Kwon Do free fighting is very dynamic. It's hard for many younger students to appreciate forms practice or repetition. I haven't met very many young students who don't think free fighting is fun. Since modern Tae Kwon Do tends to be geared toward younger students, that's the aspect they tend to be drawn to.
47MartialMan
Master of Arts
I agree, but ot os not the better or worse in the art, just to state that it is old or intriguing.Marginal said:
47MartialMan
Master of Arts
Are we...because history has a lot to do woth development of something.
- Thread Starter
- #112
And again I repeat...the thread is titled "Who is the founder of TKD" not what does TKD derive from, or from what did it evolve, or what is its foundation, ect...
Crediting ancient history (related to the foundation of what is now the Koreas) with the creation of TKD is like crediting the caveman that invented the wheel with the creation of the gasoline powered automobile. One would not exist without the other, but the relevance is undeserving in this debate!
TAEKWON!
SPK
Crediting ancient history (related to the foundation of what is now the Koreas) with the creation of TKD is like crediting the caveman that invented the wheel with the creation of the gasoline powered automobile. One would not exist without the other, but the relevance is undeserving in this debate!
TAEKWON!
SPK
The Kai
Master of Arts
- Joined
- Apr 15, 2004
- Messages
- 1,925
- Reaction score
- 33
I Think what 47 Martial man is treying to point out is the thread is takinh a turn into "what ancient, defunct art can we hang out hat on". People are trying to make a distinction between TKD and some art that exists only in the history book. It's all from the same root (Shotokan)
Here is some more info:
During the Japanese occupation, many Korean boys were taken to Japan for education and training, which sometimes included intensive training in the Japanese martial arts. (Masutatsu Oyama Sensei (Choi Yong-i) was Korean, Grand Master Lee (Yi) Won-Kuk trained in Shotokan under Funakoshi Sensei, and General Choi Hong Hi, founder of ITF, was a first [size=-1](23)[/size]? Dan in Japanese Karate.)?? Other Koreans went to China as students or were stationed in Japanese occupied Manchuria as soldiers where some of them were exposed to Chinese martial arts.
??The modern Karate of Korea, with very little influence from Tae Kyon, ...was? imported directly from China and also from Okinawa through Japan.? [size=-1](24)[/size]
??The main differences among Tang Su Do, Karate, and Kung Fu (sic) were in how? pressure points were used and attacked.? [size=-1](25)[/size]
?Tracing instructional lineages of the founders of the kwans back beyond 1945 inevitably leads to Japanese styles of karate. Modern Tae Kwon Do was largely created by young men who had received their original training in Japan or China before 1945, but most never reached the higher levels of their arts.? As they continued their training after Korean independence, no longer under the? supervision of their former sensei or sifu, they started from a basis of incompletely transmitted knowledge to go in a different direction to develop a new art.
?You must also remember that at the period of W.W.II, there was a tremendous amount of prejudice against foreigners in Japan, and this definitely applied to Koreans. It still does.? Given the instructional traditions in the Japanese martial arts, this fact alone would have acted to keep most Korean students from receiving full instruction in these arts.? This may have been a very healthy thing, allowing Korean instructors to evolve their art in new directions.
?With the end of Japanese occupation, many of these young men returned to Korea, and the result was an influx of new techniques from China and Japan which led to rapid growth in the Korean [size=-1](26)[/size] martial arts. With the exception of Tang Su Do, which is simply Japanese Karate as taught in Korea [size=-1](27)[/size]? and has retained the same kata as Shotokan, Korean black belts developed hybridized styles by combining techniques from Karate and modern Chuan Fa with indigenous Korean techniques: either their own inventions, or what could be recovered from limited experience with, or the popular idea of, Tae Kyon [size=-1](28)[/size] .? These styles became the kwans, the basis for the development of Tae Su Do [size=-1](29)[/size]? (early name for Tae Kwon Do) which became the most rapidly growing martial sport in the world.? The first national association, the Kong Su Do Association was formed in 1945 (1951, 1953?), headed by Cho Ryon Chi.? (Kong Su Do is a Korean pronunciation of the Chinese characters for Karate Do.)
? EARLY KWANS [size=-1](30)[/size]Chung Do Kwanthe first?1944/45Won Kook YiMu Duk Kwan??1945Hwang KeeYun Mu Kwan??1945Sup Jun SangChi Do Kwan?1946Yon Kue Pyang?Ji Do Kwan?1953/54Gae Byang YunSang Mu Kwan?1953/54Byung Chik Ro?O Do Kwan [size=-1](31)[/size]strictly military1954Choi Hong Hi & Nam Tae Hi?
?By 1950, there were 17 styles of Korean Karate. During the early 1950?s, the period of the Korean War, most Karate was taught within the military, and civilian instructors and schools were very scarce.? In 1953, the ROK 29th Division stationed on Che Jo Island was made responsible for martial arts training in the ROK army.? In 1961, the Korean government ordered the various styles to organize, and in the same year, (one source puts it in 1965 [size=-1](32)[/size] ), the Korean Tae Kwon Do Association was formed with General Choi as its first president. The Korean government decided at that time that only the 5 top styles would be sanctioned as official TKD.? The first style to be chosen was Chung Do Kwan.
?Although the term Tae Kwon Do is of very recent origin, there is still some confusion as to when it was first used and by whom.? Grand Master Yeon Hee Park? says that at a meeting of Korean martial arts masters in April 11, 1955, (one source [size=-1](33)[/size] says that this was a meeting of Chung Do Kwan instructors)it was agreed to unify the Kwans under name of Tae Su Do.? This was the year that the Kong Su Do Association broke up.??? However, Grand Master Choi says he suggested the name, Tae Kwon Do, and it was adopted at that meeting.? Grand Master Park says that the name was changed to Tae Kwon Do in 1957 .? On September 14, 1961 the Korean TKD Association was formed. However, Grand Master Kim says that this was when the Korean Tae Su Do Association was given official membership in the Korean National Sports Association (KNSA), and that the name Tae Kwon Do was not fully accepted by all Koreans until August, 1965.? In any case, it is evident that the name, Tae Kwon Do, is of very recent origin.? It would also seem that the name was devised within the Chung Do Kwan.
?Admission to the KNSA? brings us to the most unsettling aspect of training in Tae Kwon Do today, the emphasis which is placed on sporting competition. There can be no doubt whatever about the deliberate intent on the part of the WTF and ITF Korean Masters to convert Tae Kwon Do into a pure sport. Tae Kwon Do sparring is now an Olympic sport.?? When practiced as a sport, Tae Kwon Do techniques are strictly limited in application for safety reasons.? Dr. Un Yong Kim, the president of the WTF has said:
??Our focus is to develop Tae Kwon Do as a universal sport...Martial art tradition,? as you know, comes from a very closed, narrow door [size=-1](34)[/size] .? and later, ? Tae Kwon Do? is gaining recognition as a well-developed world sport...The Olympics is a? large umbrella. To be sheltered under it means a great elevation in? status...We must continue to develop Tae Kwon Do into a sport.? To remain as a? martial art would be a simple matter.? All that needs to be done is to do what? people did in the old days when just a handful of people remained as hermits,? developing and learning the arts...I am a plain sports leader...the martial? arts? and other forms of arts are usually practiced within small fields? among people? who have common interests...We are working hard to achieve the glory of? attaining the world sports status...I will not bore you with the trivia of martial? arts...Tae Kwon Do came a long way as a sport in a short time.? We have? accomplished the mammoth tasks of researching its history, re-defining the? tradition, unifying the rules, and at the same time promoting it to the rest of the? world.? [size=-1](35)[/size]
?The ITF founder and president is not only determined to have a sport, he is equally determined to gain fame as the originator of Tae Kwon Do.? His comments reveal an ego problem unbecoming to a martial arts master.
?? It would be hopeless to try to merge Karate with Tae Kwon Do...Tae Kwon Do was? largely born on April 11, 1955...If I didn?t know anything about Karate, I? wouldn?t have invented techniques that are better than Karate...I invented a new? martial art...My goal was to make Tae Kwon Do an international sport...I hope? that Tae Kwon Do becomes an Olympic event...I invented the martial art of Tae? Kwon Do...There is now no Tae Kwon Do in my home country of South? Korea...There is no real Tae Kwon Do in South Korea...? [size=-1](36)[/size]
?The fate of Judo is a cautionary tale for Tae Kwon Do.? Like Tae Kwon Do today, Judo was once (1950?s and 1960?s) the most popular martial art in the world.? After it became an Olympic sport, and Judo training became more and more concentrated on sporting competition, Judo lost that popularity, and today it can be difficult to find a Judo dojo, even in a major city.? This is often cited as a reason to suspect that sporting success may cause a martial art to lose its effectiveness as a martial art.? When victory in a sporting contest becomes the major criterion for excellence in a martial art, then only the young, strong, and gifted will be able to excel in that art, and they will often leave the art when they pass their peak of competitive prowess.
?? The Japanese have devoted themselves to the study of Judo for competition.?? They have gone to extraordinary lengths to develop winning contestants and fine? champions.? I, on the other hand, have never trained for competition in my life.?? All I have ever done is trained in judo as a way of life, exactly as Dr. Kano taught.?? While the Japanese were devising competitive strategies, I was in the dojo? practising basics and kata.? I defeated the Japanese because I know judo better? than the Japanese.? The secret is to train every day in the basics.? This will make? you unbeatable.? Anton Gessink-World Judo Champion.
?There is great pressure for Tae Kwon Do to evolve more generally into a sport with decreasing emphasis on basics, poomse training, and combat effectiveness.
??I am concerned that basic training is often neglected.? There should be??? more emphasis on basic skills: balance, focus, strength training,???? conditioning of striking surfaces, stance.? There is a lack of preparation,??? seriousness and committment. ..Many do not have hand training, knife-?? hand training, three-step sparring, or one-step sparring. ...there is an??? over emphasis on kicking techniques in most schools.? This is another sign?? of immaturity.? [size=-1](37)[/size]
[size=+1]The Poomse[/size]
?Kata are central to Karate to the point where it is often said that ?kata are Karate?, and this is the justification for a special section on poomse in this history of Chung Do Kwan Tae Kwon Do.? The original kwans taught kata which were taken directly from Japanese and Okinawan styles (Shorin and Shorei [size=-1](38)[/size] ), that is kata which originated in either Okinawa or China.? Becuse of the Japanese occupation of Korea, and the Chinese invasion in 1951, Japanese and Chinese associations were distasteful to the Koreans.? For the correct development of Korean martial arts, it was considered necessary to distance these arts as much as possible from the Japanese and Chinese arts.? This would not be possible while still practicing the kata of those arts. This attitude, while understandable, has been deplored by some Korean masters:
? ? When this shift has completely stripped Tae Kwon Do of any traditional??? forms, where is the art in this martial art?? Since any form not created??? in Korea has been cast out of Tae Kwon Do and replacement?Korean???? forms thrown together to replace them, where is the tradition to???? preserve?? How much wisdom can be gleaned from these new forms????? They are the fast food of modern martial arts-quick, fast, simple, lacking?? in nourishment, prone to cause indigestion...I consider myself???? fortunate to have learned what I have from my instructors.? I honor??? them by preserving ancient Karate and Chuan fa forms they taught me,??? and continue to hand them down to my own students.? Leaving Korea in??? 1968 meant that I escaped the tremendous pressure to throw away??? everything that I learned, join the ITF or WTF, teach only new made-up??? forms with Korean labels, and teach how to win trophies in???? tournaments.? [size=-1](39)[/size]
?The hyung currently in use by the International Tae Kwon Do Federation, (ITF) were the Chang Hon poomse developed by Hong Hi Choi before 1965, and they are still taught. The Palgwe series and the Taeguek series? are very recent poomse which were originally introduced and adopted by the Korean Tae Kwon Do Association on Jan. 30, 1967.? Grand Master Hae Man Park (Chung Do Kwan) was one of the creators of the Taegeuk Poomse, and creator of the 6 Kibon drills [size=-1](40)[/size] . These are the basic colored belt poomse for the WTF, and they are still in development, undergoing frequent minor adjustments. One TKD school uses an independent series of poomse, the Chung Bong series, which? were developed by one man in 1974. [size=-1](41)[/size]
? ? At the founding of the Korean Tae Kwon Do Association (KTA) the? founding members agreed to favor none of the forms of the participating schools,? but to create an entirely new series of forms in the interest of overall Tae Kwon? Do and to ensure agreement among the different schools.? A team of Korean? Grandmasters? was made responsible for carrying out this project.? This? committee created the Palgwe- Taegeuk- and the remaining nine black belt? poomse, but only a short time later, the Palgwe forms were discarded.? [size=-1](42)[/size]
?The Taegeuk poomse were designed especially for colored belt training in Tae Kwon Do.? However, as many of the Korean masters, especially the older generation, have been trained in Japanese, Okinawan, or Chinese styles, it is hardly possible that this training could have had no influence on their development of the new Korean poomse.? Indeed, the Japanese influence is often obvious.? The poomse for the third dan grading examination, Taebek, is a very beautiful form when correctly performed, but about 40% of the techniques in Taebek come from two separate Pinan (Heian) kata (nidan and sandan). These borrowed sequences within Taebek are a perfect example of the immense unacknowledged debt which WTF TKD owes to Karate.
?The many poomse created by the modern Korean masters since the beginnings of Tae Kwon Do in 1945? are extremely valuable for Tae Kwon Do training.? They are very new, however, and not entirely satisfactory.? Small changes continue to appear in them.? Unlike changes in the older kata which often are a result of a lack of knowledge concerning the application of a specific technique,? these changes in Korean poomse are a deliberate attempt to make the poomse deeper and to improve the effectiveness of the techniques presented.? A good recent example of this trend is the introduction of the 6th kibon exercise in the spring of 1997. In Tae Kwon Do, we are in the presence of the creation of a vital martial tradition, with the poomse which will carry that tradition into the future still in the process of development today.? This is a very exciting time to be training in Tae Kwon Do. But, there are hazards to be faced.
?There is an increasing possibility that poomse practice will become more shallow, and that their development will be retarded.? This tendency will exist for several reasons (poomse are not for competition; poomse techniques are highly dangerous when correctly applied; poomse practice is more directed to the perfection of the practitioner?s character than to sporting applications, etc.). This has created? a dangerous potential for the devaluation of poomse, as the relation of the Taegeuk poomse to the rest of the training becomes more and more tenuous.
?Although the Taegeuk poomse have a higher percentage of kicking techniques than Japanese/Okinawan kata, Clark [size=-1](43)[/size] makes the point that ?the proportion of kicks in training for sport free sparring is still not reflected in the poomse, which at this time retain many of the more practical combative techniques of the older martial arts, (emphasis mine)?. He concludes that the modern Korean style of TKD has been changing forms to reflect sporting emphasis and a Korean predilection for kicking techniques.
?It may be expected that the poomse will continue to change to reflect the increasing emphasis on the sporting aspect of Tae Kwon Do, and the emphasis that training in modern Tae Kwon Do places on kicking.? Almost all of a TKD training session is normally spent on various aspects of kicking drill, and training for excellence in sporting competition is focused on the artificial conventions of Tae Kwon Do full contact sparring to the neglect of poomse and a reduction of their importance.? In many dojangs we find that, unlike karate, poomse are rarely central to training in Tae Kwon Do.? Indeed, some highly competitive black belts don?t know any poomse! [size=-1](44)[/size]
[size=+1]Chung Do Kwan[/size]
?
?Early in the 20th century, Won Kook Yi (Lee), a Tae Kyon (sic) student, traveled throughout the Orient, returning to Korea in 1940.? In 1941, he added techniques from other styles to Tae Kyon, and developed "Tae Su Do Chung Do Kwan".? He retired in 1945, but before doing so, he named his successor as head of Chung Do Kwan, Grand Master Uoon Kyu Um.? Great Grand Master Yi is presently (1996) in retirement in the United States.? The Chung Do Kwan style was taught in secret in 1944, and in 1945, the Chung Do Kwan, the first Kwan to openly teach a native Korean Martial Art opened in Yung Chun, Soeul. In 1954, General Choi Hong Hi became ?director? (Kwan Jang Nim) of Chung Do Kwan, then the largest civilian kwan in Korea [size=-1](45)[/size] and held that position for several years [size=-1](46)[/size] .
?A different version of these events appeared in a recent issue of Tae Kwon do Times [size=-1](47)[/size] which adds some details, but contradicts other seemingly reliable sources. According to this version, Grandmaster Lee opened his school with the tacit approval of the Japanese authorities on September 14, 1944.?? Grand Master Lee trained students until 1950, when he had to leave Korea for Japan for ?political? reasons. Duk Sung Son then became Kwan Jang Nim of Chung Do Kwan.? ?A few years later? Duk Sung Son left Korea for the United States, and only then did Uoon Kyu Um become Kwan Jang Nim. Uoon Kyu Um is mentioned among the original students of Grand Master Lee and so is Jhoon Rhee but, in this version, there is no mention at all of General Choi Hong Hi.? The omission is incorrect and was made for political reasons.
?Finally, yet another version emerged in a 1997 interview with Grand Master Lee (Yi, Yee) which also appeared in TKD Times. [size=-1](48)[/size]? Born April 13, 1907, Grand Master Lee states that he was instructed in Tang Su Do (Shotokan Karate) when he attended a university in Japan in the 1920?s.? He identifies his instructor as ?Sensei Hunagoshi, founder of GojuRhu Karate?. He has to mean Funakoshi Sensei, founder of Shotokan Karate, not Miyagi Sensei, founder of Goju Ryu. He taught Tang Su Do for the first time in Korea at Yung Shin School Gynasium in Sa De Mun, Ok Chun Dong district in Soeul.? During the confused period following the defeat of Japan in 1945, Tang Su Do was associated with gang violence, so the government refused to allow any public facilities to teach Tang Su Do.? Grand Master Lee was forced to move and ? this was the time when I established Chung Do Kwan at Tae Go temple (Tae Go Sa) in Sorul.?? He was then forced to move to Kwan Yung Kwan in Soeul.? Later he moved his dojang to No. 80 Kyun Ji Dong district in Soeul.
?After Grand Master Lee conducted a very successful demonstration at the YMCA Gym in Soeul, Tang Su Do again received government favor, but unfortunately, this involved pressure to support one political party.? Korea?s first President Syng Man Rhee requested that all Chung Do Kwan members apply for membership in the Korean Republican Party.? Grand Master Lee rejected the offer, and he was arrested and accused by the government of being the leader of a group of assassins.? Eventually released in 1950, he and his wife fled to Japan as political refugees. He served as Tae Kwon Do instructor to the US military for a period in the 60?s.? Grand Master Lee emigrated to USA in 1976.? In the interview, he states: ? I am the founder of modern Tae Kwon Do in Korea.?
?The major? students named by Grand Master Lee in this interview were:
? Un Kyu Um (Kukkiwon VP)
? Choi Hung Hi ( Founder of ITF)
? Jae Chung Ko (Jae Chun Ko)
? Chong Myung Hung(Hyun)
? Chung Ki Paek (Wan Ki Paek)
? Chong Lim Woo
? Pong Seok Kim
? Sang Hung Lee
? Seok Kyu Kim
? Jun Yoo Eung (Introduced TKD to North Korea)
?In 1966, the International Tae Kwon Do Federation (ITF) was formed by General Choi.? In 1967, the President of South Korea declared Tae Kwon Do a national sport.? In 1973, twenty countries formed the World Tae Kwon Do Federation (WTF) and made the Kukkiwon, a large building constructed by the Korean government for Tae Kwon Do? study, administration, and? competition, their headquarters. In 1974, the ITF had moved from Korea to establish its headquarters in Toronto.? In 1975, The WTF issued an announcement which dissolved all the kwans, and issued each with a number in order to unite Tae Kwon Do as one world sport.? Supposedly, Chung Do Kwan officially died in Korea on that date.? In fact, dan certificates are still being issued from Korea under the Chung Do Kwan name.
[size=+1]Chung Do Kwan in the United States[/size]
?In 1967, Grand Master Edward B. Sell, (then a 4th Dan), founded the first Chung Do Kwan school, " The Academy"? in the United States in Trenton, MI.? He also founded the Korean Tae Kwon Do Association of America in that year.? This association subsequently became the Korean Tae Kwon Do Association of America and Canada, and in 1975 (1977[?]), the name was changed to the United States Chung Do Kwan Association (USCDKA).? Note that there is also a Chung Do Kwan International, Inc., headed by a Grand Master Sung Jae Park. [size=-1](49)[/size]
?Grand Master Sell was trained in Korea while in the USAF attached to the 6314th Air Police Squadron at Osan Air Base, Pyon Teak Kun.? His instructors while training to first dan were Mr. Myong Kil Kim and Mr. Tae Sung Yi, 3rd Dans.? He was promoted to second Dan in 1963, and? promoted to 8th Dan March, 1987.
?In the first two USCDKA association manuals, forms are referred to as "kata", and Tag'kuk Il Chong is the same as the first Taikyoku drill in Shotokan Karate. In 1979, the Palgwe forms were taught by the USCDKA, but by 1987, these had been replaced by the Taeguek forms.? In book three, Grand Master Sell introduces the Korean terms ?hyung? and ?poomse? for forms along with ?kata?, and by 1987 the Japanese/Okinawan term "kata" has disappeared, to be replaced by the word ?poomse.? This gradual removal of Japanese/Okinawan terms and influence from Tae Kwon Do is an understandable effort to emphasize the nature of Tae Kwon Do as a Korean martial art, and to obtain Korean validation for the American association and its instructors.
[size=+1]United Chung Do Kwan Association[/size]
?To a certain extent, the United Chung Do Kwan Association (UCDKA) owes its existence to Master Jonathan C. Henkel, (then 1st Dan, currently 6th Dan), who was assigned to South Dakota State University (SDSU) ROTC after returning from Korea, where he had been promoted to first Dan on December 9, 1973 at the Kukkiwon in Soeul, Korea.? At SDSU, Master Henkel started Master Jeffrey Holsing in his TKD training under the auspices of the USCDKA.
?The UCDKA was first conceived in Alabama. Under the leadership of Master Jeffrey Holsing, the UCDKA formally broke away from Grand Master E.B. Sells? USCDKA in the early summer of 1989.?? The first organizational meeting of the UCDKA was held in Brookings, SD on June 4, 1989 [size=-1](50)[/size] .? For the next 14 months, the masters and senior black belts held a series of 19 organizational meetings which established the UCDKA.?? Although there have been some changes since the autumn of 1990, by that date, the UCDKA had essentially completed its organization.? The nucleus for this new association of martial artists was largely provided by the Chung Do Kwan black belts from South Dakota, with another center of UCDKA activity in the Southeast which contributed much to the early development of the association.? Grand Master Cha Sok Park, 8th Dan, agreed to arrange the validation of UCDKA Dan ranks at the Kukkiwon in Korea.? At Grand Master Park?s recommendation, the association adopted Grand Master Daeshik Kim?s books as the authority for UCDKA poomse.
?Much of the organization, traditions and structure of the organization were very similar to that of USCDKA, as both are Chung Do Kwan, and the original UCDKA Masters had all trained with Grand Master Sell.? Among the things which were taken from the USCDKA were the patch placement on the dobak, the student?s name in Korean and English, the design of the instructor patch, and the gup colors up through brown belt.
?In April of 1996, the chairman of the Board of Directors of UCDKA was asked to resign his position.? The chairmanship was held by several different masters in rapid succession, but by the beginning of 1997 most of the active clubs had withdrawn from the UCDKA, which then virtually ceased to exist.
[size=+1]American Chung Do Kwan Ltd.[/size]
?The dojangs which had withdrawn from UCDKA came together during the early months of 1997 to form a new association, the American Chung Do Kwan Ltd (ACDKL), under Masters J. Bice and J. Henkel.? This association consists of the majority of dojangs which had formerly belonged to the UCDKA, and still follows most of the formal practices of that association.? A new constitution has been adopted by the ACDKL, and has significantly changed association structure and organization.
[size=+1]In Conclusion[/size]
?The idea behind writing this history was to correct some of the common errors which have crept into the instructional materials associated with Tae Kwon Do, and to present the students of American Chung Do Kwan with as accurate a history of their art and style as the sources allow. The history of Chung Do Kwan is something we can all be proud of.? It is certainly no disgrace to train in a dynamic fighting style created by an exceptional Korean martial artist which can trace its roots back through Okinawan Karate to ancient China.? Chung Do Kwan lacks ancient roots only within Korea, and this is of no importance at all.? Young growth is the most vigorous, and it is within Korea that Chung Do Kwan has developed into the style in which we train today.
?The above history is both incomplete and often incorrect.? All suggestions for additions and corrections are always very welcome, and may be sent to the author in care of Husky Tae Kwon Do.?? However, to be usable, such suggestions must be supported by published references and/or attributable to the person supplying them.
[size=+1]Sources[/size]
?Bannon, D. 1994.? Pak Yon: How a Dutchman in 17th Century Korea Changed? Martial Arts History. Dojang. Summer. 1994.pp60-62
?Bannon, D. 1996. Who Were the Hwrang? Dojang. Winter1996. pp 59-63.
?Bishop, Mark. 1989. Okinawan Karate: Teachers, Styles and Secret Techniques. A? & C Black. London. 192pp
?Burdick, D. 1997. People & Events in Taekwondo?s Formative Years. Journal of? Asian Martial Arts. (6):1 pp 30-49
?Cho, S,H. 1968. Korean Karate: Free Fighting Techniques. Tuttle, Rutland. VT.? 249pp
?Choi Hong Hi.? 1965. Taekwon-Do: The Art of Self-Defense. Daeha Publication Co.? Soeul. 304p
?Clark, R. 1995. Korean Forms. Tae Kwon Do Times. 16(4) pp42-48
?Cocoran, J. and E. Farkas w/ S. Sobel. 1993. The Original? Martial Arts? Encyclopedia. Pro-Action Publishing. Los Angeles.? 437p
?Draeger, D. & R.W. Smith. 1980. Comprehensive Asian Fighting? Arts.? Kodansha. Tokyo. 207p.
?Draeger, D. 1972. Classical Bujutsu. Weatherhill. Tokyo. 109p.
?Draeger, D. 1972. Classical Budo? Weatherhill. Tokyo. 127p.
?Dukes, T. ( Shifu Nagaboshi Tomio) 1994. The Bodhisattava Warriors. Weiser.? York Beach, ME. 527p
?Ferguson, R. 1994. Is Tae Kwon Do Really a Korean Art? TKD Times. (15):2 pp? 50-55, 82
?Haines, B.A. 1968. Karate's History and Traditions. Charles E. Tuttle Co. Rutland,? VT. 192 p.
?Haines, B.A. 1995 (revised edition). Karate's History and Traditions. Charles E.? Tuttle Co. Rutland, VT. 192 p.
?Hallander, J. 1993. The Truth Behind Martial Arts in Korea Today. TKD Times.? (13):5 pp 50-53.
?
?Hargrove, F. 1986.? The 100 Year History of Shorin-Ryu Karate.? Privately? Published. 220p.
?Hassell, R. G. 1991. Shotokan Karate: Its History and Evolution. Focus.? Publications. St. Louis, MO. 150p.
?Higaonna, Morio. 1995. The History of Karate: Okinawan Goju-Ryu. Dragon? Books, 226 pp
?Johnson, N. 1994. Xen Shaolin Karate. Tuttle. Rutland 240p
?Kim, D. 1991. Tae Kwon Do. V. 1. NANAM Pub. Seoul. 210p.
?Kim, D. 1991. Tae Kwon Do. V. 2. NANAM Pub. Seoul. 224p.
?Kim, D. & A B䣫. 1989.? Martial Meditation. ICMAEP. Akron, OH.? 372p
?Kim, R.? 1974.? The Weaponless Warriors. Ohara. Sta. Clarita. CA
?112p
?Lee, J. 1995. The History of Tae Kwon Do. TKD Times (15):5 pp50-58
?Lee, Kang Seok. 1997. Grandmaster Won Kuk Lee: Founder of Chung Do Kwan. Tae? Kwon Do Times. 17 (3) pp 44- 51
?Lindsey, R.L. 1995. Solving the White Crane Mystery: The Heritage of the? Okinawan Systems. Dojo. Fall 1995. pp14-19
?Liu, James J.Y. 1967. The Chinese Knight-Errant. University of Chicao. Chicago.? 242p
?McCarthy, P. 1987. Classical Kata of Okinawan Karate. Ohara. Santa Clarita, CA.? 255p.
?Pieter, W. 1994. Notes on the Historical Development of Korean Martial Sports- An Addendum to Young?s History & Developmemnt of Tae Kyon. Journal of? Asian? Martial Arts. (3):1? pp82-89.
?Poliakoff, M.B.? 1987. Combat Sports in the Ancient World.? Yale? University? Press. New Haven.? 202p.
?Ratti, O. & A. Westbrook. 1973. Secrets of the Samurai. Charles E. Tuttle.? Rutland, VT. 483p.
?Reid, H. & M. Croucher. 1983.? The Way of the Warrior.? Overlook Press.? Woodstock. NY? 240p.
?Rodine, Tim. 1996. From Generation to Generation to Puerto Rico. Tae Kwon Do? Times.? (16) 10 p 26
?E.B. Sell 1973.?? Revised edition. v. #1 Tae Kwon Do Chung Do Kwan for the? Beginner. Korean Tae Kwon Do Association of? America/Canada.?? 62p
?_______ 1973.? v. #1 Tae Kwon Do Chung Do Kwan for the Beginner and? Advanced Student. Korean Tae Kwon Do Association of America/Canada. 92p
?E.B. Sell & B.J. Sell. 1979. Forces of Tae Kwon Do, U.S. Chung Do Kwan? Association. 240p.
?_______1987 revised 7th edition. Forces of Tae Kwon Do. U.S. Chung Do? Kwan Association. 273p.
?Young, Robert W.1993. The History and Development of Tae Kyon. Journal of? Asian Martial Arts. v.2 n.2. pp44-69. I hope this helps in your endevors.
During the Japanese occupation, many Korean boys were taken to Japan for education and training, which sometimes included intensive training in the Japanese martial arts. (Masutatsu Oyama Sensei (Choi Yong-i) was Korean, Grand Master Lee (Yi) Won-Kuk trained in Shotokan under Funakoshi Sensei, and General Choi Hong Hi, founder of ITF, was a first [size=-1](23)[/size]? Dan in Japanese Karate.)?? Other Koreans went to China as students or were stationed in Japanese occupied Manchuria as soldiers where some of them were exposed to Chinese martial arts.
??The modern Karate of Korea, with very little influence from Tae Kyon, ...was? imported directly from China and also from Okinawa through Japan.? [size=-1](24)[/size]
??The main differences among Tang Su Do, Karate, and Kung Fu (sic) were in how? pressure points were used and attacked.? [size=-1](25)[/size]
?Tracing instructional lineages of the founders of the kwans back beyond 1945 inevitably leads to Japanese styles of karate. Modern Tae Kwon Do was largely created by young men who had received their original training in Japan or China before 1945, but most never reached the higher levels of their arts.? As they continued their training after Korean independence, no longer under the? supervision of their former sensei or sifu, they started from a basis of incompletely transmitted knowledge to go in a different direction to develop a new art.
?You must also remember that at the period of W.W.II, there was a tremendous amount of prejudice against foreigners in Japan, and this definitely applied to Koreans. It still does.? Given the instructional traditions in the Japanese martial arts, this fact alone would have acted to keep most Korean students from receiving full instruction in these arts.? This may have been a very healthy thing, allowing Korean instructors to evolve their art in new directions.
?With the end of Japanese occupation, many of these young men returned to Korea, and the result was an influx of new techniques from China and Japan which led to rapid growth in the Korean [size=-1](26)[/size] martial arts. With the exception of Tang Su Do, which is simply Japanese Karate as taught in Korea [size=-1](27)[/size]? and has retained the same kata as Shotokan, Korean black belts developed hybridized styles by combining techniques from Karate and modern Chuan Fa with indigenous Korean techniques: either their own inventions, or what could be recovered from limited experience with, or the popular idea of, Tae Kyon [size=-1](28)[/size] .? These styles became the kwans, the basis for the development of Tae Su Do [size=-1](29)[/size]? (early name for Tae Kwon Do) which became the most rapidly growing martial sport in the world.? The first national association, the Kong Su Do Association was formed in 1945 (1951, 1953?), headed by Cho Ryon Chi.? (Kong Su Do is a Korean pronunciation of the Chinese characters for Karate Do.)
? EARLY KWANS [size=-1](30)[/size]Chung Do Kwanthe first?1944/45Won Kook YiMu Duk Kwan??1945Hwang KeeYun Mu Kwan??1945Sup Jun SangChi Do Kwan?1946Yon Kue Pyang?Ji Do Kwan?1953/54Gae Byang YunSang Mu Kwan?1953/54Byung Chik Ro?O Do Kwan [size=-1](31)[/size]strictly military1954Choi Hong Hi & Nam Tae Hi?
?By 1950, there were 17 styles of Korean Karate. During the early 1950?s, the period of the Korean War, most Karate was taught within the military, and civilian instructors and schools were very scarce.? In 1953, the ROK 29th Division stationed on Che Jo Island was made responsible for martial arts training in the ROK army.? In 1961, the Korean government ordered the various styles to organize, and in the same year, (one source puts it in 1965 [size=-1](32)[/size] ), the Korean Tae Kwon Do Association was formed with General Choi as its first president. The Korean government decided at that time that only the 5 top styles would be sanctioned as official TKD.? The first style to be chosen was Chung Do Kwan.
?Although the term Tae Kwon Do is of very recent origin, there is still some confusion as to when it was first used and by whom.? Grand Master Yeon Hee Park? says that at a meeting of Korean martial arts masters in April 11, 1955, (one source [size=-1](33)[/size] says that this was a meeting of Chung Do Kwan instructors)it was agreed to unify the Kwans under name of Tae Su Do.? This was the year that the Kong Su Do Association broke up.??? However, Grand Master Choi says he suggested the name, Tae Kwon Do, and it was adopted at that meeting.? Grand Master Park says that the name was changed to Tae Kwon Do in 1957 .? On September 14, 1961 the Korean TKD Association was formed. However, Grand Master Kim says that this was when the Korean Tae Su Do Association was given official membership in the Korean National Sports Association (KNSA), and that the name Tae Kwon Do was not fully accepted by all Koreans until August, 1965.? In any case, it is evident that the name, Tae Kwon Do, is of very recent origin.? It would also seem that the name was devised within the Chung Do Kwan.
?Admission to the KNSA? brings us to the most unsettling aspect of training in Tae Kwon Do today, the emphasis which is placed on sporting competition. There can be no doubt whatever about the deliberate intent on the part of the WTF and ITF Korean Masters to convert Tae Kwon Do into a pure sport. Tae Kwon Do sparring is now an Olympic sport.?? When practiced as a sport, Tae Kwon Do techniques are strictly limited in application for safety reasons.? Dr. Un Yong Kim, the president of the WTF has said:
??Our focus is to develop Tae Kwon Do as a universal sport...Martial art tradition,? as you know, comes from a very closed, narrow door [size=-1](34)[/size] .? and later, ? Tae Kwon Do? is gaining recognition as a well-developed world sport...The Olympics is a? large umbrella. To be sheltered under it means a great elevation in? status...We must continue to develop Tae Kwon Do into a sport.? To remain as a? martial art would be a simple matter.? All that needs to be done is to do what? people did in the old days when just a handful of people remained as hermits,? developing and learning the arts...I am a plain sports leader...the martial? arts? and other forms of arts are usually practiced within small fields? among people? who have common interests...We are working hard to achieve the glory of? attaining the world sports status...I will not bore you with the trivia of martial? arts...Tae Kwon Do came a long way as a sport in a short time.? We have? accomplished the mammoth tasks of researching its history, re-defining the? tradition, unifying the rules, and at the same time promoting it to the rest of the? world.? [size=-1](35)[/size]
?The ITF founder and president is not only determined to have a sport, he is equally determined to gain fame as the originator of Tae Kwon Do.? His comments reveal an ego problem unbecoming to a martial arts master.
?? It would be hopeless to try to merge Karate with Tae Kwon Do...Tae Kwon Do was? largely born on April 11, 1955...If I didn?t know anything about Karate, I? wouldn?t have invented techniques that are better than Karate...I invented a new? martial art...My goal was to make Tae Kwon Do an international sport...I hope? that Tae Kwon Do becomes an Olympic event...I invented the martial art of Tae? Kwon Do...There is now no Tae Kwon Do in my home country of South? Korea...There is no real Tae Kwon Do in South Korea...? [size=-1](36)[/size]
?The fate of Judo is a cautionary tale for Tae Kwon Do.? Like Tae Kwon Do today, Judo was once (1950?s and 1960?s) the most popular martial art in the world.? After it became an Olympic sport, and Judo training became more and more concentrated on sporting competition, Judo lost that popularity, and today it can be difficult to find a Judo dojo, even in a major city.? This is often cited as a reason to suspect that sporting success may cause a martial art to lose its effectiveness as a martial art.? When victory in a sporting contest becomes the major criterion for excellence in a martial art, then only the young, strong, and gifted will be able to excel in that art, and they will often leave the art when they pass their peak of competitive prowess.
?? The Japanese have devoted themselves to the study of Judo for competition.?? They have gone to extraordinary lengths to develop winning contestants and fine? champions.? I, on the other hand, have never trained for competition in my life.?? All I have ever done is trained in judo as a way of life, exactly as Dr. Kano taught.?? While the Japanese were devising competitive strategies, I was in the dojo? practising basics and kata.? I defeated the Japanese because I know judo better? than the Japanese.? The secret is to train every day in the basics.? This will make? you unbeatable.? Anton Gessink-World Judo Champion.
?There is great pressure for Tae Kwon Do to evolve more generally into a sport with decreasing emphasis on basics, poomse training, and combat effectiveness.
??I am concerned that basic training is often neglected.? There should be??? more emphasis on basic skills: balance, focus, strength training,???? conditioning of striking surfaces, stance.? There is a lack of preparation,??? seriousness and committment. ..Many do not have hand training, knife-?? hand training, three-step sparring, or one-step sparring. ...there is an??? over emphasis on kicking techniques in most schools.? This is another sign?? of immaturity.? [size=-1](37)[/size]
[size=+1]The Poomse[/size]
?Kata are central to Karate to the point where it is often said that ?kata are Karate?, and this is the justification for a special section on poomse in this history of Chung Do Kwan Tae Kwon Do.? The original kwans taught kata which were taken directly from Japanese and Okinawan styles (Shorin and Shorei [size=-1](38)[/size] ), that is kata which originated in either Okinawa or China.? Becuse of the Japanese occupation of Korea, and the Chinese invasion in 1951, Japanese and Chinese associations were distasteful to the Koreans.? For the correct development of Korean martial arts, it was considered necessary to distance these arts as much as possible from the Japanese and Chinese arts.? This would not be possible while still practicing the kata of those arts. This attitude, while understandable, has been deplored by some Korean masters:
? ? When this shift has completely stripped Tae Kwon Do of any traditional??? forms, where is the art in this martial art?? Since any form not created??? in Korea has been cast out of Tae Kwon Do and replacement?Korean???? forms thrown together to replace them, where is the tradition to???? preserve?? How much wisdom can be gleaned from these new forms????? They are the fast food of modern martial arts-quick, fast, simple, lacking?? in nourishment, prone to cause indigestion...I consider myself???? fortunate to have learned what I have from my instructors.? I honor??? them by preserving ancient Karate and Chuan fa forms they taught me,??? and continue to hand them down to my own students.? Leaving Korea in??? 1968 meant that I escaped the tremendous pressure to throw away??? everything that I learned, join the ITF or WTF, teach only new made-up??? forms with Korean labels, and teach how to win trophies in???? tournaments.? [size=-1](39)[/size]
?The hyung currently in use by the International Tae Kwon Do Federation, (ITF) were the Chang Hon poomse developed by Hong Hi Choi before 1965, and they are still taught. The Palgwe series and the Taeguek series? are very recent poomse which were originally introduced and adopted by the Korean Tae Kwon Do Association on Jan. 30, 1967.? Grand Master Hae Man Park (Chung Do Kwan) was one of the creators of the Taegeuk Poomse, and creator of the 6 Kibon drills [size=-1](40)[/size] . These are the basic colored belt poomse for the WTF, and they are still in development, undergoing frequent minor adjustments. One TKD school uses an independent series of poomse, the Chung Bong series, which? were developed by one man in 1974. [size=-1](41)[/size]
? ? At the founding of the Korean Tae Kwon Do Association (KTA) the? founding members agreed to favor none of the forms of the participating schools,? but to create an entirely new series of forms in the interest of overall Tae Kwon? Do and to ensure agreement among the different schools.? A team of Korean? Grandmasters? was made responsible for carrying out this project.? This? committee created the Palgwe- Taegeuk- and the remaining nine black belt? poomse, but only a short time later, the Palgwe forms were discarded.? [size=-1](42)[/size]
?The Taegeuk poomse were designed especially for colored belt training in Tae Kwon Do.? However, as many of the Korean masters, especially the older generation, have been trained in Japanese, Okinawan, or Chinese styles, it is hardly possible that this training could have had no influence on their development of the new Korean poomse.? Indeed, the Japanese influence is often obvious.? The poomse for the third dan grading examination, Taebek, is a very beautiful form when correctly performed, but about 40% of the techniques in Taebek come from two separate Pinan (Heian) kata (nidan and sandan). These borrowed sequences within Taebek are a perfect example of the immense unacknowledged debt which WTF TKD owes to Karate.
?The many poomse created by the modern Korean masters since the beginnings of Tae Kwon Do in 1945? are extremely valuable for Tae Kwon Do training.? They are very new, however, and not entirely satisfactory.? Small changes continue to appear in them.? Unlike changes in the older kata which often are a result of a lack of knowledge concerning the application of a specific technique,? these changes in Korean poomse are a deliberate attempt to make the poomse deeper and to improve the effectiveness of the techniques presented.? A good recent example of this trend is the introduction of the 6th kibon exercise in the spring of 1997. In Tae Kwon Do, we are in the presence of the creation of a vital martial tradition, with the poomse which will carry that tradition into the future still in the process of development today.? This is a very exciting time to be training in Tae Kwon Do. But, there are hazards to be faced.
?There is an increasing possibility that poomse practice will become more shallow, and that their development will be retarded.? This tendency will exist for several reasons (poomse are not for competition; poomse techniques are highly dangerous when correctly applied; poomse practice is more directed to the perfection of the practitioner?s character than to sporting applications, etc.). This has created? a dangerous potential for the devaluation of poomse, as the relation of the Taegeuk poomse to the rest of the training becomes more and more tenuous.
?Although the Taegeuk poomse have a higher percentage of kicking techniques than Japanese/Okinawan kata, Clark [size=-1](43)[/size] makes the point that ?the proportion of kicks in training for sport free sparring is still not reflected in the poomse, which at this time retain many of the more practical combative techniques of the older martial arts, (emphasis mine)?. He concludes that the modern Korean style of TKD has been changing forms to reflect sporting emphasis and a Korean predilection for kicking techniques.
?It may be expected that the poomse will continue to change to reflect the increasing emphasis on the sporting aspect of Tae Kwon Do, and the emphasis that training in modern Tae Kwon Do places on kicking.? Almost all of a TKD training session is normally spent on various aspects of kicking drill, and training for excellence in sporting competition is focused on the artificial conventions of Tae Kwon Do full contact sparring to the neglect of poomse and a reduction of their importance.? In many dojangs we find that, unlike karate, poomse are rarely central to training in Tae Kwon Do.? Indeed, some highly competitive black belts don?t know any poomse! [size=-1](44)[/size]
[size=+1]Chung Do Kwan[/size]
?
?Early in the 20th century, Won Kook Yi (Lee), a Tae Kyon (sic) student, traveled throughout the Orient, returning to Korea in 1940.? In 1941, he added techniques from other styles to Tae Kyon, and developed "Tae Su Do Chung Do Kwan".? He retired in 1945, but before doing so, he named his successor as head of Chung Do Kwan, Grand Master Uoon Kyu Um.? Great Grand Master Yi is presently (1996) in retirement in the United States.? The Chung Do Kwan style was taught in secret in 1944, and in 1945, the Chung Do Kwan, the first Kwan to openly teach a native Korean Martial Art opened in Yung Chun, Soeul. In 1954, General Choi Hong Hi became ?director? (Kwan Jang Nim) of Chung Do Kwan, then the largest civilian kwan in Korea [size=-1](45)[/size] and held that position for several years [size=-1](46)[/size] .
?A different version of these events appeared in a recent issue of Tae Kwon do Times [size=-1](47)[/size] which adds some details, but contradicts other seemingly reliable sources. According to this version, Grandmaster Lee opened his school with the tacit approval of the Japanese authorities on September 14, 1944.?? Grand Master Lee trained students until 1950, when he had to leave Korea for Japan for ?political? reasons. Duk Sung Son then became Kwan Jang Nim of Chung Do Kwan.? ?A few years later? Duk Sung Son left Korea for the United States, and only then did Uoon Kyu Um become Kwan Jang Nim. Uoon Kyu Um is mentioned among the original students of Grand Master Lee and so is Jhoon Rhee but, in this version, there is no mention at all of General Choi Hong Hi.? The omission is incorrect and was made for political reasons.
?Finally, yet another version emerged in a 1997 interview with Grand Master Lee (Yi, Yee) which also appeared in TKD Times. [size=-1](48)[/size]? Born April 13, 1907, Grand Master Lee states that he was instructed in Tang Su Do (Shotokan Karate) when he attended a university in Japan in the 1920?s.? He identifies his instructor as ?Sensei Hunagoshi, founder of GojuRhu Karate?. He has to mean Funakoshi Sensei, founder of Shotokan Karate, not Miyagi Sensei, founder of Goju Ryu. He taught Tang Su Do for the first time in Korea at Yung Shin School Gynasium in Sa De Mun, Ok Chun Dong district in Soeul.? During the confused period following the defeat of Japan in 1945, Tang Su Do was associated with gang violence, so the government refused to allow any public facilities to teach Tang Su Do.? Grand Master Lee was forced to move and ? this was the time when I established Chung Do Kwan at Tae Go temple (Tae Go Sa) in Sorul.?? He was then forced to move to Kwan Yung Kwan in Soeul.? Later he moved his dojang to No. 80 Kyun Ji Dong district in Soeul.
?After Grand Master Lee conducted a very successful demonstration at the YMCA Gym in Soeul, Tang Su Do again received government favor, but unfortunately, this involved pressure to support one political party.? Korea?s first President Syng Man Rhee requested that all Chung Do Kwan members apply for membership in the Korean Republican Party.? Grand Master Lee rejected the offer, and he was arrested and accused by the government of being the leader of a group of assassins.? Eventually released in 1950, he and his wife fled to Japan as political refugees. He served as Tae Kwon Do instructor to the US military for a period in the 60?s.? Grand Master Lee emigrated to USA in 1976.? In the interview, he states: ? I am the founder of modern Tae Kwon Do in Korea.?
?The major? students named by Grand Master Lee in this interview were:
? Un Kyu Um (Kukkiwon VP)
? Choi Hung Hi ( Founder of ITF)
? Jae Chung Ko (Jae Chun Ko)
? Chong Myung Hung(Hyun)
? Chung Ki Paek (Wan Ki Paek)
? Chong Lim Woo
? Pong Seok Kim
? Sang Hung Lee
? Seok Kyu Kim
? Jun Yoo Eung (Introduced TKD to North Korea)
?In 1966, the International Tae Kwon Do Federation (ITF) was formed by General Choi.? In 1967, the President of South Korea declared Tae Kwon Do a national sport.? In 1973, twenty countries formed the World Tae Kwon Do Federation (WTF) and made the Kukkiwon, a large building constructed by the Korean government for Tae Kwon Do? study, administration, and? competition, their headquarters. In 1974, the ITF had moved from Korea to establish its headquarters in Toronto.? In 1975, The WTF issued an announcement which dissolved all the kwans, and issued each with a number in order to unite Tae Kwon Do as one world sport.? Supposedly, Chung Do Kwan officially died in Korea on that date.? In fact, dan certificates are still being issued from Korea under the Chung Do Kwan name.
[size=+1]Chung Do Kwan in the United States[/size]
?In 1967, Grand Master Edward B. Sell, (then a 4th Dan), founded the first Chung Do Kwan school, " The Academy"? in the United States in Trenton, MI.? He also founded the Korean Tae Kwon Do Association of America in that year.? This association subsequently became the Korean Tae Kwon Do Association of America and Canada, and in 1975 (1977[?]), the name was changed to the United States Chung Do Kwan Association (USCDKA).? Note that there is also a Chung Do Kwan International, Inc., headed by a Grand Master Sung Jae Park. [size=-1](49)[/size]
?Grand Master Sell was trained in Korea while in the USAF attached to the 6314th Air Police Squadron at Osan Air Base, Pyon Teak Kun.? His instructors while training to first dan were Mr. Myong Kil Kim and Mr. Tae Sung Yi, 3rd Dans.? He was promoted to second Dan in 1963, and? promoted to 8th Dan March, 1987.
?In the first two USCDKA association manuals, forms are referred to as "kata", and Tag'kuk Il Chong is the same as the first Taikyoku drill in Shotokan Karate. In 1979, the Palgwe forms were taught by the USCDKA, but by 1987, these had been replaced by the Taeguek forms.? In book three, Grand Master Sell introduces the Korean terms ?hyung? and ?poomse? for forms along with ?kata?, and by 1987 the Japanese/Okinawan term "kata" has disappeared, to be replaced by the word ?poomse.? This gradual removal of Japanese/Okinawan terms and influence from Tae Kwon Do is an understandable effort to emphasize the nature of Tae Kwon Do as a Korean martial art, and to obtain Korean validation for the American association and its instructors.
[size=+1]United Chung Do Kwan Association[/size]
?To a certain extent, the United Chung Do Kwan Association (UCDKA) owes its existence to Master Jonathan C. Henkel, (then 1st Dan, currently 6th Dan), who was assigned to South Dakota State University (SDSU) ROTC after returning from Korea, where he had been promoted to first Dan on December 9, 1973 at the Kukkiwon in Soeul, Korea.? At SDSU, Master Henkel started Master Jeffrey Holsing in his TKD training under the auspices of the USCDKA.
?The UCDKA was first conceived in Alabama. Under the leadership of Master Jeffrey Holsing, the UCDKA formally broke away from Grand Master E.B. Sells? USCDKA in the early summer of 1989.?? The first organizational meeting of the UCDKA was held in Brookings, SD on June 4, 1989 [size=-1](50)[/size] .? For the next 14 months, the masters and senior black belts held a series of 19 organizational meetings which established the UCDKA.?? Although there have been some changes since the autumn of 1990, by that date, the UCDKA had essentially completed its organization.? The nucleus for this new association of martial artists was largely provided by the Chung Do Kwan black belts from South Dakota, with another center of UCDKA activity in the Southeast which contributed much to the early development of the association.? Grand Master Cha Sok Park, 8th Dan, agreed to arrange the validation of UCDKA Dan ranks at the Kukkiwon in Korea.? At Grand Master Park?s recommendation, the association adopted Grand Master Daeshik Kim?s books as the authority for UCDKA poomse.
?Much of the organization, traditions and structure of the organization were very similar to that of USCDKA, as both are Chung Do Kwan, and the original UCDKA Masters had all trained with Grand Master Sell.? Among the things which were taken from the USCDKA were the patch placement on the dobak, the student?s name in Korean and English, the design of the instructor patch, and the gup colors up through brown belt.
?In April of 1996, the chairman of the Board of Directors of UCDKA was asked to resign his position.? The chairmanship was held by several different masters in rapid succession, but by the beginning of 1997 most of the active clubs had withdrawn from the UCDKA, which then virtually ceased to exist.
[size=+1]American Chung Do Kwan Ltd.[/size]
?The dojangs which had withdrawn from UCDKA came together during the early months of 1997 to form a new association, the American Chung Do Kwan Ltd (ACDKL), under Masters J. Bice and J. Henkel.? This association consists of the majority of dojangs which had formerly belonged to the UCDKA, and still follows most of the formal practices of that association.? A new constitution has been adopted by the ACDKL, and has significantly changed association structure and organization.
[size=+1]In Conclusion[/size]
?The idea behind writing this history was to correct some of the common errors which have crept into the instructional materials associated with Tae Kwon Do, and to present the students of American Chung Do Kwan with as accurate a history of their art and style as the sources allow. The history of Chung Do Kwan is something we can all be proud of.? It is certainly no disgrace to train in a dynamic fighting style created by an exceptional Korean martial artist which can trace its roots back through Okinawan Karate to ancient China.? Chung Do Kwan lacks ancient roots only within Korea, and this is of no importance at all.? Young growth is the most vigorous, and it is within Korea that Chung Do Kwan has developed into the style in which we train today.
?The above history is both incomplete and often incorrect.? All suggestions for additions and corrections are always very welcome, and may be sent to the author in care of Husky Tae Kwon Do.?? However, to be usable, such suggestions must be supported by published references and/or attributable to the person supplying them.
[size=+1]Sources[/size]
?Bannon, D. 1994.? Pak Yon: How a Dutchman in 17th Century Korea Changed? Martial Arts History. Dojang. Summer. 1994.pp60-62
?Bannon, D. 1996. Who Were the Hwrang? Dojang. Winter1996. pp 59-63.
?Bishop, Mark. 1989. Okinawan Karate: Teachers, Styles and Secret Techniques. A? & C Black. London. 192pp
?Burdick, D. 1997. People & Events in Taekwondo?s Formative Years. Journal of? Asian Martial Arts. (6):1 pp 30-49
?Cho, S,H. 1968. Korean Karate: Free Fighting Techniques. Tuttle, Rutland. VT.? 249pp
?Choi Hong Hi.? 1965. Taekwon-Do: The Art of Self-Defense. Daeha Publication Co.? Soeul. 304p
?Clark, R. 1995. Korean Forms. Tae Kwon Do Times. 16(4) pp42-48
?Cocoran, J. and E. Farkas w/ S. Sobel. 1993. The Original? Martial Arts? Encyclopedia. Pro-Action Publishing. Los Angeles.? 437p
?Draeger, D. & R.W. Smith. 1980. Comprehensive Asian Fighting? Arts.? Kodansha. Tokyo. 207p.
?Draeger, D. 1972. Classical Bujutsu. Weatherhill. Tokyo. 109p.
?Draeger, D. 1972. Classical Budo? Weatherhill. Tokyo. 127p.
?Dukes, T. ( Shifu Nagaboshi Tomio) 1994. The Bodhisattava Warriors. Weiser.? York Beach, ME. 527p
?Ferguson, R. 1994. Is Tae Kwon Do Really a Korean Art? TKD Times. (15):2 pp? 50-55, 82
?Haines, B.A. 1968. Karate's History and Traditions. Charles E. Tuttle Co. Rutland,? VT. 192 p.
?Haines, B.A. 1995 (revised edition). Karate's History and Traditions. Charles E.? Tuttle Co. Rutland, VT. 192 p.
?Hallander, J. 1993. The Truth Behind Martial Arts in Korea Today. TKD Times.? (13):5 pp 50-53.
?
?Hargrove, F. 1986.? The 100 Year History of Shorin-Ryu Karate.? Privately? Published. 220p.
?Hassell, R. G. 1991. Shotokan Karate: Its History and Evolution. Focus.? Publications. St. Louis, MO. 150p.
?Higaonna, Morio. 1995. The History of Karate: Okinawan Goju-Ryu. Dragon? Books, 226 pp
?Johnson, N. 1994. Xen Shaolin Karate. Tuttle. Rutland 240p
?Kim, D. 1991. Tae Kwon Do. V. 1. NANAM Pub. Seoul. 210p.
?Kim, D. 1991. Tae Kwon Do. V. 2. NANAM Pub. Seoul. 224p.
?Kim, D. & A B䣫. 1989.? Martial Meditation. ICMAEP. Akron, OH.? 372p
?Kim, R.? 1974.? The Weaponless Warriors. Ohara. Sta. Clarita. CA
?112p
?Lee, J. 1995. The History of Tae Kwon Do. TKD Times (15):5 pp50-58
?Lee, Kang Seok. 1997. Grandmaster Won Kuk Lee: Founder of Chung Do Kwan. Tae? Kwon Do Times. 17 (3) pp 44- 51
?Lindsey, R.L. 1995. Solving the White Crane Mystery: The Heritage of the? Okinawan Systems. Dojo. Fall 1995. pp14-19
?Liu, James J.Y. 1967. The Chinese Knight-Errant. University of Chicao. Chicago.? 242p
?McCarthy, P. 1987. Classical Kata of Okinawan Karate. Ohara. Santa Clarita, CA.? 255p.
?Pieter, W. 1994. Notes on the Historical Development of Korean Martial Sports- An Addendum to Young?s History & Developmemnt of Tae Kyon. Journal of? Asian? Martial Arts. (3):1? pp82-89.
?Poliakoff, M.B.? 1987. Combat Sports in the Ancient World.? Yale? University? Press. New Haven.? 202p.
?Ratti, O. & A. Westbrook. 1973. Secrets of the Samurai. Charles E. Tuttle.? Rutland, VT. 483p.
?Reid, H. & M. Croucher. 1983.? The Way of the Warrior.? Overlook Press.? Woodstock. NY? 240p.
?Rodine, Tim. 1996. From Generation to Generation to Puerto Rico. Tae Kwon Do? Times.? (16) 10 p 26
?E.B. Sell 1973.?? Revised edition. v. #1 Tae Kwon Do Chung Do Kwan for the? Beginner. Korean Tae Kwon Do Association of? America/Canada.?? 62p
?_______ 1973.? v. #1 Tae Kwon Do Chung Do Kwan for the Beginner and? Advanced Student. Korean Tae Kwon Do Association of America/Canada. 92p
?E.B. Sell & B.J. Sell. 1979. Forces of Tae Kwon Do, U.S. Chung Do Kwan? Association. 240p.
?_______1987 revised 7th edition. Forces of Tae Kwon Do. U.S. Chung Do? Kwan Association. 273p.
?Young, Robert W.1993. The History and Development of Tae Kyon. Journal of? Asian Martial Arts. v.2 n.2. pp44-69. I hope this helps in your endevors.
- Thread Starter
- #115
Dear All,
As to create a more user friendly environment, can we limit the copy and paste, and possible suppliment the link with a small statement as to the value and content of the link?
TAEKWON!
Spookey
(ps...the copy and paste post doesnt have any statement (might have overlooked it) regarding the point you were attempting to make...HELP!
As to create a more user friendly environment, can we limit the copy and paste, and possible suppliment the link with a small statement as to the value and content of the link?
TAEKWON!
Spookey
(ps...the copy and paste post doesnt have any statement (might have overlooked it) regarding the point you were attempting to make...HELP!
47MartialMan
Master of Arts
Yes, it was a very informative post that terry 1965 made (I wonder why he calls himself that: 1965?-his birth year?)Yes, I have to remember as well instead of pasting a long post to post a link instead.
But, if one has to type such a post, using for example, MSWord, how can they post it as a link instead of a copy and paste?
But, if one has to type such a post, using for example, MSWord, how can they post it as a link instead of a copy and paste?
- Thread Starter
- #117
Dear 47,
These lengthy posts have been nothing less than copy and paste jobs of pre-existing documents (ie. magazine artices, interviews, and thesis/research papers) that are available at numerous online sources!
Please, if you write such an intricate literary work, feel free to post it in its entirety. However, if you are using someone elses writtings, at least credit the author! Also, being that this is a debate, please feel free to make points as oppossed to randomly spouting off passages!
TAEKWON
Spookey
These lengthy posts have been nothing less than copy and paste jobs of pre-existing documents (ie. magazine artices, interviews, and thesis/research papers) that are available at numerous online sources!
Please, if you write such an intricate literary work, feel free to post it in its entirety. However, if you are using someone elses writtings, at least credit the author! Also, being that this is a debate, please feel free to make points as oppossed to randomly spouting off passages!
TAEKWON
Spookey
First off it is Terry L 965 and Terry is my 1st name L is my middle initial as in Lee and 965 was the ages of my Three boys now 10 8 and 6 as far as my birth year it is 1960 January 7th it all in my Bio.47MartialMan said:
Well spookey it is a cut and paste job so what as far as given credit to who wrote it it all at the end of the post and the reason I just did not put a link to it I wanted people to read most people won't take the time to go to another link and read. If the power to be here at MA does not want lenghty post, then they can inform me of that, I have been here a long time and have contributed alot of personal knowledge and have gained some personal knowledge from them. And since this is an open forum how I give my infro. is up to me. I believe you are just looking for what you want people to believe what TKD is in your mind. We all have are Idea's those are mine, so be it.Spookey said:
Maybe one day you can see through your own self and see what other see, not that you have to accept those things just see that side of the fence.
47MartialMan
Master of Arts
I dont mind links-I actually click on them and read every one. If I do not have the time in one particular "sitting", I have a folder on my "desktop" labeled "Things to Read". If I like the link, I will save it in my "favorites"
So, terry l, go ahead and post----"link" me, man
So, terry l, go ahead and post----"link" me, man
