As to why there wasn't an Israel for a large number of centuries, well, on this one I don't think you quite have the historical 'ducks in a row', so to speak.
The origins of the Muslim faith post-date the destruction of a Jewish nation by about half a millenia; or as far as I know anyhow i.e. no guarantees. It was, I think, in fact the Romans who were the architects of the beginning of that dismantling.
I only quickly Googled these two links up so please feel free to shoot holes in them if they prove sub-par and I'll dig deeper.
http://www.important.ca/origins_of_islam.html
http://wsu.edu/~dee/HEBREWS/DIASPORA.HTM
The origins of the Muslim faith post-date the destruction of a Jewish nation by about half a millenia; or as far as I know anyhow i.e. no guarantees. It was, I think, in fact the Romans who were the architects of the beginning of that dismantling.
I only quickly Googled these two links up so please feel free to shoot holes in them if they prove sub-par and I'll dig deeper.
http://www.important.ca/origins_of_islam.html
http://wsu.edu/~dee/HEBREWS/DIASPORA.HTM